The role of nuclear energy in the field of medicine

Atomic vitality is a kind of vitality which is discharged by a response called as atomic response. There are two fundamental kinds of atomic responses, one is called parting and the other one is combination: In Fission response it discharges an atomic vitality when a solitary overwhelming core seperates into two littler ones, making vitality be discharged . The most widely recognized component used to experience atomic parting is uranium since uranium has numerous positive properties. Uranium cores can be handily part by applying neutrons at them. The parting response is utilized to make heat for creating steam, which is then utilized by a turbine to produce power. be that as it may, if in a combination response a two single cores joins together to shape another core which is heavier. This response happens just under extremely hot conditions. Atomic combination is utilized to produce a ton of vitality as light, hear and radiation. This vitality bolsters life on our planet and it was the main vitality early humanity utilized. 1) â€Å"What Is Nuclear Energy.† What Is Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. <http://whatisnuclearenergy.net/>. 2) â€Å"Nuclear Energy.† ThinkQuest. Prophet Foundation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. http://library.thinkquest.org/3471/nuclear_energy.html Picture 1: 1) Picture 2: â€Å"Free Energy: Nuclear Fusion in the Quran.† Pakalert Press. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2012. <http://www.pakalertpress.com/2010/09/24/atomic combination in-the-quran/>. Researchers have found that atomic vitality can be utilized in rewarding different illnesses, for example, malignant growth, coronary illness, endocrine, gastrointestinal and different anomalies discovered inside the body. Atomic vitality gives a decent arrangement in rewarding certain sicknesses influencing individuals in today’s world. In the field of Cardiopulmonary. Atomic vitality is utilized in filtering and imagining blood stream and furthermore heart work. In rewarding malignant growth sicknesses, for example, Melanoma and bosom disease, Nuclear vitality can have their lymph mondes found first before doing the medical procedure. It can likewise see if there are respiratory issues and blood stream in lungs. Another major significant utilization of Nuclear vitality is for the treatment of different malignant growths, for example, Melanoma and bosom disease. Patients having Melanoma and bosom malignant growth can have their lymph hubs discovered first before doing the medical procedure, thyroid disease and tumors that spread to the bones are likewise relieved by utilizing Nuclear vitality. In other analytic utilization of atomic vitality, Nuclear vitality is utilized to assess tumors, joint inflammation, breaks and infenction of bones. Finding the region where there is a disease, recognizing issues causing gallbladder irritation and seeping into the gut can be dealt with utilizing atomic vitality. It can likewise be utilized to research cerebrum anomalies, for example, loss of memory, seizures and variations from the norm in blood stream. â€Å"General Nuclear Medicine.† Nuclear Medicine, General. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=gennuclear>. â€Å"How Is Nuclear Energy Used in Medicine?† Yahoo! Patron Network. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/how-atomic vitality utilized medication 5892958.html>. The viability of utilizing atomic vitality to tackle sicknesses is successful in light of the fact that for eg; if a patient having malignant growth experiences medical procedure, before doing the medical procedure specialists need to find the particular zone where the disease are situated to do this X-beam tomography or (CT) checks work by utilizing atomic tracers to emmit gamma beams once the beams are inside the body, unique cameras can get the produced gamma beams and show to the photograph of the organ or the part where the malignant growth is to the specialist. This causes the specialists to effectively treat the patient. Another further developed innovation called a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) isused in deciding patients with heart conditions, issues in the cerebrum and malignant growth, first positron-radiating radionuclides are infused into the patients body and afterward they incline toward the organ and they start to rapidly rot. They emmit a positron and an electron from within the patients body a two unmistakable gamma beams which the PET outputs and structures a picture. The photograph encourages specialists to find where the issue is, this is further developed than CT checks. Looking at strategies like CT sweeps and PET outputs to different techniques like Endoscopic ultrasound and others to figure out where the disease is to techniques like mind filter, the strategy for CT examines are probably going to be progressively hazardous and may hurt the patient in light of the fact that in CT checks they use differentiate operators which are concoction substances that are presented to the human body when they are running the test. Differentiation specialists like Iodine is the difference operator which is the most ordinarily utilized complexity specialist can make hypersensitive responses a few patients which incorporates a rash, a warm sensation or even in a most dire outcome imaginable trouble to inhale regularly. Additionally in CT filters it includes patients to get presented to ionizing radiation which is known to cause disease. This turns into an issue for individuals who need different outputs and furthermore for kids since youngsters are more touchy to radiation than to grown-ups. So despite the fact that CT outputs can help specialists to find where the infection is they aren’t that solid and can be unsafe too in the event that they are not utilized appropriately. â€Å"Symptoms and Diagnosis.† Symptoms and Diagnosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.braintumor.org/patients-family-companions/about-mind tumors/side effects and-diagnosis.html>. Cioffi, Rebecca. â€Å"How Does Nuclear Medicine Actually Kill Cancer Cells?† EHow. Request Media, 30 Apr. 2009. Web. 26 Aug. 2012. <http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4966096_medicine-really murder malignancy cells.html>. Social: The utilization of CT outputs to perform examines inside the body for the area of sicknesses inside the body can be valuable and can assist with rewarding the patients. In any case, CT checks are cutting edge gadgets and are over the top expensive which are just accessible in evolved nations, for less fortunate nations like in Africa have no innovation and cash to get CT scanners and need to depend on elective answers for fix their maladies, Which now and again give off base outcomes. Condition: CT scanners need atomic vitality to create the picture inside the patient’s body. Atomic vitality is one of the world’s most effective vitality maker and power. This helps the general public without a doubt. In any case, atomic vitality additionally can cause an extraordinary arrangement measure of harm to the earth. On the off chance that a CT scanner has a gamma beam spill out it can make ozone depleting substance emanations rise and damage the earth. Yields and drinking water presented to gamma beam can cause lung tumor and thyroid disease whenever devoured, Animals and marine life will be influenced by it additionally, so individuals who are liable for upkeep of the scanners must keep up the machine well or not there will be an extraordinary outcome to confront. From making this exposition I came to think about the extraordinary utilization of atomic force in the field of medication, They can identify malignant growth, tumor and drain inside a person’s body and help specialists in rewarding them. In any case, I likewise discovered that there is a confinement to this innovation since certain individuals have unfavorably susceptible responses from atomic vitality and whenever presented an excessive amount to a person’s body as opposed to rewarding the infection it can cause one, so we should be dependable utilizing this solid vitality.

To What Extent Did The X Factor Alter The Distribution of Popular Coursework

What exactly Extent Did The X Factor Alter The Distribution of Popular Music - Coursework Example In the course of the most recent decade, unscripted TV dramas have been the most mainstream programs on TV. This marvel isn't limited to the United States or the UK, however is an all inclusive wonder. There is by all accounts a connection between's the rise of unscripted television as a power, and the all inclusive take-up of the web (Butje, 2005). The X-Factor gives an intriguing contextual analysis identifying with the effect of unscripted television on the way of life of individuals over the world. The show began in the UK and afterward spread to different nations. There are different establishments of the show in various nations over the world. The objective of this paper is to inspect the effect of the X-Factor on the circulation of well known music. The best records identifying with the show originate from the UK since this is the place the show has been running for a very long time. The other huge market for the show is the United States. This paper will concentrate on the ef fect of the show on dissemination of music in the UK. ... In the two shows, the members experience a progression of tryouts before arriving at the screening stages where the finalists come up for concentrated preparing and rivalry during the show. The fundamental thought behind the naming of the program and its entire significance is the revelation of the â€Å"X factor† that makes a performer tick. The show targets finding this immaterial and incredible factor in the competitors. b. Creation Stages The show advances through five phases. In the principal stage, the makers do the essential tryouts and gives competitors who will meet senior makers a â€Å"golden ticket†. The senior makers further recognize hopefuls who continue to the subsequent stage. At the subsequent stage, the appointed authorities tryout the members and group them into three †the great ones who continue to the following stage, the terrible ones who are poor at singing, and the peculiar ones. This last class alludes to the individuals who hang out here and there that is neither acceptable nor terrible. The fruitful hopefuls experience further handling at the â€Å"boot camp† and afterward at the appointed authorities houses where the adjudicators get a chance to coach them. The individuals who pass these two phases effectively continue to the last stage that frames the principle part of the TV appear. It is toward the finish of this last stage the show picks its victor. c. Key Players The most compelling individual in the X-Factor show is Simon Cowell. Cowell was a piece of the group that delivered Pop Idol in America. He left the Pop Idol creation group so as to begin the X-Factor in the UK. Cowell is as of now part of the debut group of judges in X-Factor USA. The other key characters in X-Factor are the appointed authorities. Each season has a lot of judges to take the appear on the other side. This makes them persuasive

Social Media Research Paper - 275 Words

Social Media (Research Paper Sample) Content: Social MediaName:Institution: The use of social media has greatly been enhanced by the increased internet use across the globe in the last one decade. It has impacted society both positively and negatively and has become quite necessary in facilitating interactions among individuals. Some of the commonly used social media sites include Facebook and YouTube. People from different countries across the world have been able to interact and share their cultural beliefs and practices. As a result, social media has resulted to cultural homogenization whereby people have acquired similar principles and practices making the world quite uniform. It has also provided a platform for people to learn new things and embrace cultures that are acceptable in a global scope. With the continuous technological advancements, there have been improvements in social media functioning. It has become possible for society to regulate the content people of certain ages are able to view. Security levels have been boosted through the encryption of different sites. Social media is therefore essential and its continued use is important as the modern society aligns itself to technological innovations which can potentially transform interactions for the better. YouTube YouTube is one of the worlds phenomenal video sharing sites. According to Alleyne (2008), the idea to invent a video sharing platform was initiated in February 2005 by Clad Hurley and Steve Chen who were colleagues and had found it impossible to upload their videos to the internet compared to pictures. With Chen being a specialist in computer science and Hurley good in fine art, designing the new website was quite smooth. They worked closely with their friend, Jawad Karim whom they were colleagues at PayPal and had the first video clip posted in YouTube on April 23, 2005. After seeing their pursuits pay at last, the website was made open for societal members to view it and use it to share videos. Despite having to overcome various financial constraints, the founders great work was acknowledged by various internet firms such as Google. After attempting to have YouTube remain independent in vain due to the lack of computing and communication capabilities, an acquisition deal with Google was signed in October 2006 with Chen and Hurley getting Google shares worth thousands of million dollars. Karim had left YouTube after its inception meaning that his colleagues were the best suited to enjoy its success (Alleyne, 2008). YouTube has had various advantages as well as disadvantages to its users during its close to a decade period of use. The advantages involve the fact that YouTube has made it possible for people to earn money. For instance, people find it easy to open Google Adsense accounts through which they may have some money credited into their accounts depending on the quality and number of videos they upload thereby attracting many individuals into the site. It also provides an opportunity f or individuals from different parts of the globe to attract other organizations to post ads on their video pages so that they may market their activities and through the internet. YouTube has played a huge role in making people famous and at the same enlighten individuals from different countries on activities that happen in other societies. By posting amazing video clips, people attract millions of viewers thereby boosting the popularity of individuals as well as their unique abilities. YouTube also has the advantage of being a social networking site owing to the fact that it makes it likely for people meet others who have similar interests or have them connected so that they may continuously share ideas. People do not have to make any payments so that their videos may be made available for people to view them in the site and this makes it convenient (Sondagar, 2013).The disadvantages associated with YouTube include the high cost of purchasing and maintaining the equipments require d to take quality videos. Moreover, maintaining skilled personnel to take the videos is expensive considering that payments by the site are made depending on the ads made on the pages basing on views. The high competition posed by the emergence of new web video platforms has also been disadvantageous to may YouTube users who find it difficult to attain the desired popularity. The extent at which people upload low quality content in the site has also reduced the urge by individuals to use the site thereby posing further problems (Christian, 2011). Facebook Facebook was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg who had come up with different social networking websites for his fellow students at Harvard University. Its original name was The Facebook which had been derived from the sheets distributed to students in his schools as he tried to urge may people to sign up. Within a few months, Facebook spread to other universities in US before it became Facebook.com in 2005 after acquiring the ad dress for $200,000. Facebook use among outside schools began in September 2006 whereby people only needed email addresses to sign up freely and socialize with their friends. Its features have continued to advance and this has led to Facebook attracting over 30 million users making it the largest social networking site (Phillips, 2007). Facebook has a number of advantages. Firstly, it provides an opportunity for people to receive the latest information in a more convenient way. As a result, people in areas where they do not have access to televisions or radios get the chance to know what is happening across the globe. Secondly, Facebook has provided a platform for people to make new friends and connect with old pals who they would not have otherwise traced their whereabouts. Thirdly, the site has been helpful to businesses in that it has made advertising easy and cheap. With features such as advertising and fan pages, Facebook has provided a stage for businesspeople to extend their consumer base and provide timely information whenever changes are made (HubPages Inc, 2013). On the other hand, Faceb... Social Media Research Paper - 275 Words Social Media (Research Paper Sample) Content: Social MediaName:Institution: The use of social media has greatly been enhanced by the increased internet use across the globe in the last one decade. It has impacted society both positively and negatively and has become quite necessary in facilitating interactions among individuals. Some of the commonly used social media sites include Facebook and YouTube. People from different countries across the world have been able to interact and share their cultural beliefs and practices. As a result, social media has resulted to cultural homogenization whereby people have acquired similar principles and practices making the world quite uniform. It has also provided a platform for people to learn new things and embrace cultures that are acceptable in a global scope. With the continuous technological advancements, there have been improvements in social media functioning. It has become possible for society to regulate the content people of certain ages are able to view. Security levels have been boosted through the encryption of different sites. Social media is therefore essential and its continued use is important as the modern society aligns itself to technological innovations which can potentially transform interactions for the better. YouTube YouTube is one of the worlds phenomenal video sharing sites. According to Alleyne (2008), the idea to invent a video sharing platform was initiated in February 2005 by Clad Hurley and Steve Chen who were colleagues and had found it impossible to upload their videos to the internet compared to pictures. With Chen being a specialist in computer science and Hurley good in fine art, designing the new website was quite smooth. They worked closely with their friend, Jawad Karim whom they were colleagues at PayPal and had the first video clip posted in YouTube on April 23, 2005. After seeing their pursuits pay at last, the website was made open for societal members to view it and use it to share videos. Despite having to overcome various financial constraints, the founders great work was acknowledged by various internet firms such as Google. After attempting to have YouTube remain independent in vain due to the lack of computing and communication capabilities, an acquisition deal with Google was signed in October 2006 with Chen and Hurley getting Google shares worth thousands of million dollars. Karim had left YouTube after its inception meaning that his colleagues were the best suited to enjoy its success (Alleyne, 2008). YouTube has had various advantages as well as disadvantages to its users during its close to a decade period of use. The advantages involve the fact that YouTube has made it possible for people to earn money. For instance, people find it easy to open Google Adsense accounts through which they may have some money credited into their accounts depending on the quality and number of videos they upload thereby attracting many individuals into the site. It also provides an opportunity f or individuals from different parts of the globe to attract other organizations to post ads on their video pages so that they may market their activities and through the internet. YouTube has played a huge role in making people famous and at the same enlighten individuals from different countries on activities that happen in other societies. By posting amazing video clips, people attract millions of viewers thereby boosting the popularity of individuals as well as their unique abilities. YouTube also has the advantage of being a social networking site owing to the fact that it makes it likely for people meet others who have similar interests or have them connected so that they may continuously share ideas. People do not have to make any payments so that their videos may be made available for people to view them in the site and this makes it convenient (Sondagar, 2013).The disadvantages associated with YouTube include the high cost of purchasing and maintaining the equipments require d to take quality videos. Moreover, maintaining skilled personnel to take the videos is expensive considering that payments by the site are made depending on the ads made on the pages basing on views. The high competition posed by the emergence of new web video platforms has also been disadvantageous to may YouTube users who find it difficult to attain the desired popularity. The extent at which people upload low quality content in the site has also reduced the urge by individuals to use the site thereby posing further problems (Christian, 2011). Facebook Facebook was founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg who had come up with different social networking websites for his fellow students at Harvard University. Its original name was The Facebook which had been derived from the sheets distributed to students in his schools as he tried to urge may people to sign up. Within a few months, Facebook spread to other universities in US before it became Facebook.com in 2005 after acquiring the ad dress for $200,000. Facebook use among outside schools began in September 2006 whereby people only needed email addresses to sign up freely and socialize with their friends. Its features have continued to advance and this has led to Facebook attracting over 30 million users making it the largest social networking site (Phillips, 2007). Facebook has a number of advantages. Firstly, it provides an opportunity for people to receive the latest information in a more convenient way. As a result, people in areas where they do not have access to televisions or radios get the chance to know what is happening across the globe. Secondly, Facebook has provided a platform for people to make new friends and connect with old pals who they would not have otherwise traced their whereabouts. Thirdly, the site has been helpful to businesses in that it has made advertising easy and cheap. With features such as advertising and fan pages, Facebook has provided a stage for businesspeople to extend their consumer base and provide timely information whenever changes are made (HubPages Inc, 2013). On the other hand, Faceb...

Apush Terms Chapter 1 a People and a Nation Essay examples

Chapter 1 Lady of Cofitachequi: Cofitachequi was a paramount chiefdom encountered by the Hernando de Soto Expedition in South Carolina. They encountered the Chiefdom of Cofitachequi in April of 1540, at the Mulberry Site, a large platform mound at the junction of Pine Tree Creek and the Wateree River, near present-day Camden. Paleo-Indians: First Americans. Nomadic hunters of game and gatherers of wild plants, they spread throughout North and South America, probably moving as bands composed of extended families. The Mayas: Developed approximately two thousand years ago. On the Yucatan Peninsula, in today’s eastern Mexico, the Mayas built urban centers containing tall pyramids and temples. They studied astronomy and created and†¦show more content†¦They also engaged in ritual combat, known as flowery wars, to obtain further sacrificial victims. The war god’s taste for blood was not easily quenched. In the Aztec year Ten Rabbit (1502), at the coronation of Motecuhzoma II (the Spaniards could not pronounce his name correctly, so they called him Montezuma), thousands of people were sacrificed by having their still-beating hearts torn from their bodies. The Aztecs believed that they lived in the age of the Fifth Sun. Four times previously, they wrote, the earth and all the people who lived on it had been destroyed. They predicted that their own world would end in earthquakes and hunger. In the Aztec year Thirteen Flint, volcanoes erupted, sickness and hunger spread, wild be asts attacked children, and an eclipse of the sun darkened the sky. In time, the Aztecs learned that Thirteen Flint was called, by Europeans, 1492. Huitzilopochtli: A war god represented by an eagle. Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztecs and the center of a rigidly stratified society composed of hereditary classes of warriors, merchants, priests, common folk, and slaves. Sexual Division of Labor: Societies that relied primarily on hunting large animals, such as deer and buffalo, assigned that task to men, allotting food preparation and clothing production to women. Before such nomadic bands acquired horses from theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Je Quan D. Sailes Irving1166 Words   |  5 Pages Je’Quan D. Sailes-Irving APUSH Summer Assignment Chapter 1: Chapter 1 focused on introducing two politicians that were about to have a duel on July 11, 1804. Aaron Burr was the third vice president of the United States and the vice president during Thomas Jefferson’s term. Alexander Hamilton was a founding father of the United States and apart of the federalist party. Both Hamilton and Burr were each other s political rival and would insult one another until they arranged a duel to endRead MoreThesis Statements1159 Words   |  5 PagesJacob Dearing APUSH 2/20/13 Thesis assignment 1. The American city was changed drastically in the first half of the 20th century with the beginnings of the industrial revolution and the ongoing flow of foreigners into an already crowded United States. 2. Many men around the time of the 20th century had parts in the progressive era reform and were influential in politics and majorly through social conditions. 3. Progressive era reforms were not that prominent in the lateRead MoreEssay on Howard Zinn Answer Guide1869 Words   |  8 PagesReid Thorpe August 3, 2010 APUSH Mr. Sayers Zinn; Chapter 1: 1.) Howard Zinn’s main purpose for writing A People’s History of the United States is to give history in an un-biased manner. For example, he says that he will not glorify any movement and denounce any ‘bad guy’ in history; he will give information as it should be given. Fairly. 2.) His thesis for the first eleven pages is to describe past events as they happened. Regarding Columbus, Zinn wouldn’t glorify him as a hero, becauseRead MoreBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 Pagesdocument applications. Here, the documents are discussed in order to facilitate easy teacher reference. Students, of course, must link documents to their individual essay structures; they should not simply discuss them in the order they appear. DBQ 1: European Colonization of North America, to 1660 The supportive structure and small number of documents chosen for this question are intended to make this a good starting point for teaching students to write DBQ essays. The three criteria offered forRead MoreThe Jacksonian Era3389 Words   |  14 PagesNAME: Brandon Longo ________/55 APUSH Mr. Broggy Chapter 10 The Jacksonian Era, 1824-1845 Directions Answer all of the following learning objectives in writing (hand-written only please). These are to be answered in full sentences not bullet points. Think of this as writing paragraphs for each of these objectives. If additional space is needed, use the back of the page. Make sure that you are including facts, names, specific dates, and of

A Data Driven Decision Making Platform Essay - 842 Words

In this dissertation, a data-driven decision making platform is developed focusing on individuals at high risk of getting breast and ovarian cancers due to their BRCA gene mutations. First a likelihood estimation model is built based on a gradient boosting model. This model is capable of identifying individuals at high risk of having BRCA mutations based on their family and personal history of cancers. Then, a Markov decision process (MDP) model is formulated to help BRCA mutation carriers and their health providers to find effective intervention actions (based on cost or quality-adjusted life years) to prevent breast and ovarian cancers. Finally, a robust MDP (RMDP) model is presented to study the sensitivity of MDP optimal strategies under uncertainty. In what follows, I present a summary of findings in Chapters 2, 3, and 4 of this dissertation. 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Mitochondria free essay sample

Mitochondria are the cells power producers. They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell. Located in the cytoplasm, they are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cells activities. Mitochondria are also involved in other cell processes such as cell division and growth, as well as cell death. They convert oxygen and nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the chemical energy currency of the cell that powers the cells metabolic activities. This process is called aerobic respiration and is the reason animals breathe oxygen. Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. Each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The outermost membrane is smooth while the inner membrane has many folds. These folds are called cristae. The folds enhance the productivity of cellular respiration by increasing the available surface area. The double membranes divide the mitochondrion into two distinct parts: the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. We will write a custom essay sample on Mitochondria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The intermembrane space is the narrow part between the two membranes while the mitochondrial matrix is the part enclosed by the innermost membrane. Several of the steps in cellular respiration occur in the matrix due to its high concentration of enzymes. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous in that they are only partially dependent on the cell to replicate and grow. They have their own DNA, ribosomes and can make their own proteins. Similar to bacteria, mitochondria have circular DNA and replicate by a reproductive process called fission. The inner membrane selects over what materials are allowed through it and it is known that active transport mechanisms involving translocase enzymes are responsible for the movement of ADP and ATP across it. Mitochondria use respiration to brake down high energy molecules such as sugars and store that energy as ATP (produced from ADP a phosphate) The raw materials used to generate ATP are the foods that we eat, or tissues within the body that are broken down in a process called catabolism. The breaking down of food into simpler molecules such as carbohydrates, fats, and protein is called metabolism. These molecules are then transferred into the mitochondria, where further processing occurs. The reactions within the mitochondria produce specific molecules that can have their electrical charges separated within the inner mitochondrial membrane. These charged molecules are processed within the five electron transport chain complexes to finally combine with oxygen to make ATP. The process of the charged substances combining with oxygen is called oxidation, while the chemical reaction making ATP is called phosphorylation. The overall process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The product produced by this process is ATP. Using Oxygen to Release Energy Mitochondria are used in cellular respiration. The matrix is filled with water and proteins (enzymes). Those proteins take food molecules and combine them with oxygen. The mitochondria are the only place in the cell where oxygen can be combined with the food molecules. After the oxygen is added, the material can be digested. They are working organelles that keep the cell full of energy. On the ethical implications of mitochondrial DNA analysis: Mitochondrial DNA analysis is a somewhat different type of DNA analysis compared to other techniques used today. It generally works well on samples that are unable to be analysed through numerous other techniques. So is There a Risk From Complete mtDNA Sequencing ? Yes, and the risk from having a complete mtDNA sequencing begins when a person first thinks about ordering the test as for the first time it is possible to have a test performed for genealogical purposes that can actually affect the persons well being. Before agreeing to mtDNA sequencing it is important to consider just how one might be affected by the results. Fortunately, for about 90-95% of people the results will not show any mutations of medical significance. But this means that about 5-10% of people can expect results that show a significant mutation—for example, as is shown in Table 12 where the subject has the significant mutation at A4295G. Because of the random nature of mutations, it is impossible to predict in advance who might receive such results. The figure of 5-10% is the present authors estimate from studying the mutations found in all of the 2,500 published complete mtDNA sequences. It is possible that some of the sequences have been published by the researchers because of the mutations that the sequences contain—this would make the 5-10% figure too high. But against this, mutations associated with medical conditions continue to be identified—this would raise the figure. The author suggests the figure of 5-10% when mtDNA is sequenced for genealogical purposes. Besides the person themselves worrying, should they be telling other people that they are going to be tested? And, if so, who should be told? Close relatives and doctors, perhaps. But probably not at this early stage an employer or health insurance company. It is difficult to judge how important pre-testing anxietymight become, but for some people, fear of adverse results will quite properly stop them from undergoing the testing. However, if mtDNA sequencing is undertaken it becomes important to determine just how significant the results might be. The results for the Haplogroup H9 person shown earlier, demonstrate that test results can suggest there are no adverse medical mutations, and in such a case there would not appear to be any reason for concern. For the great majority of tests the outcome will be similar. But what about a case such as that for the Haplogroup K1 person (shown earlier)? Here the results suggest that the subject has a mutation linked to a significant heart condition. In such a situation it would seem important to convey things in their proper proportions and give the person the most complete understanding of the situation as is possible. In most instances it would be sufficient to explain that most mtDNA mutations do not cause the disease with which they are associated, but rather explain why the particular condition might arise. Just at present it would seem that most genealogical testing companies are not involving themselves in analysing their results for any medical implications; and it is uncertain how such service might be provided. But what is clear is that counselling people who have been been found to have important mutations will not be easy, and perhaps will lead to as many unanswerable questions being posed, as questions for which answers can be given. But it is not just the person who receives test results indicating possible medical problems who is affected—other family members will also have obvious concerns. A mother who receives adverse test results will certainly worry about the health of her children; and a younger person will have concerns about their siblings and mother. Medically significant mtDNA mutations should not be ignored, in the authors view, and their possible significance should be discussed with the familys medical practitioners. Overall, the discovery of potentially harmful mtDNA mutations may have many unexpected and undesirable consequences. Given the role of mitochondria as the cells powerhouse, there may be some leakage of the high-energy electrons in the respiratory chain to form reactive oxygen species. This can result in significantoxidative stress in the mitochondria with high mutation rates of mitochondrial DNA. A vicious cycle is thought to occur, as oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial DNA mutations, which can lead to enzymatic abnormalities and further oxidative stress. A number of changes occur to mitochondria during the aging process. Tissues from elderly patients show a decrease in enzymatic activity of the proteins of the respiratory chain. Large deletions in the mitochondrial genome can lead to high levels of oxidative stress and neuronal death in Parkinsons disease. Hypothesized links between aging and oxidative stress are not new and were proposed over 50 years ago however, there is much debate over whether mitochondrial changes are causes of aging or merely characteristics of aging. One notable study in mice demonstrated shortened lifespan but no increase in reactive oxygen species despite increasing mitochondrial DNA mutations, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause lifespan shortening by other mechanisms. As a result, the exact relationships between mitochondria, oxidative stress, and aging have not yet been settled.

Picture This You Are Going To Travel Over One Thousand Essays

Picture this: You are going to travel over one thousand miles across Alaska---by car? by train? by plane? NO!! You are travelling by dogsled - your only companions on this journey will be eleven to fourteen of the most honest, loyal and strong dogs that you can find. For over six grueling months, you and your carefully selected dogs have been training, and now it is up to you and your canine companions. For sledders (or "mushers") this is a dream come true because they are about to start the Iditarod - a name possibly derived from the Indian word "Ingalik" meaning"distant place". Only half of the starting team of dogs will finish. Those with the strongest heart and the will to go on against overwhelming odds will complete the race. The Iditarod is a dogsled race that takes place in Alaska every year. It goes from Anchorage (Alaska's largest city) to Nome, stretching over 1,000 miles of icy, snow-covered ground. The Iditarod was begun in the 1960's when people tried to restore tradition to Alaska. It was first run to commemorate a trip that took place in 1925 to deliver medicine to Nome. The race has two routes, the Northern and the Southern. In even-numbered years, the Northern route is used and in odd-numbered years, the Southern route is used. The Iditarod is the hardest and toughest dogsled race there is. Sometimes the mushers get so tired, they hallucinate. What makes the race so demanding? Three features: time, temperature and distance. The temperature in Alaska is so cold that it can reach up to 40 degrees below zero during the running of the race. Because it gets so cold, the mushers have to wear several layers of clothing. One of the major sponsors (Timberland) has made specially-designed clothes to keep them warm, including sleeping bags, snowshores, special long underwear, boots for wet and dry surfaces, water resistant climbing suits, and mittens made out of beaver skin. Other equipment includes dog "booties" for the dogs' feet, and a six foot long 28 pound tobaggan. One tobaggan, made by North Star is called the "Ferrari " of dogsleds. More than one sled is used. As the land gets flatter and icier, a new sled with flat runners is used. This sled is easier for the dogs to pull on the icy surface. For training, the dogs are split up into two teams for three days of workout and one day of rest. It is critical that the dogs be able to maintain their pace even when they are exhausted. The dogs get a few days off before the "big day". Sometimes accidents can happen. For example, when training, Bruce Johnsen, Canada's top musher, plunged through the ice of a frozen lake where he and his eight dog team died. The mushers and their team can get attacked by a moose, like when Susan Butcher got attacked by a near 500 pound moose, killing two of her dogs and injuring one. Mushers are now starting to carry weapons to defend themselves from moose. While the team is on the trail, the mushers drive the team for six to eight hours at a time, then they take a break and feed the dogs (beaver and horsemeat, plus beef). They also rest or sleep. During the first couple of miles out of Anchorage, the dogs go about 14 miles an hour, but after that they slow down slightly to 11 or 12 miles per hour. The starting positions are drawn based upon when a person enters. To enter the race, you must complete a 200 mile race. When the race starts, each team has a one day supply of food. Also on the trail are 25 checkpoints that each team must check in at. At some checkpoints, veterinarians check the dogs. Some mushers pick up fresh dogs and leave the tired ones at the checkpoint. For some mushers, the prize money at the end of the race is enough to keep them going ($50,000 to the winner, and $150,000 split among the next ten finishers). But for others it is an honor just to finish the trail. IDITAROD FACTS: Mushers rely on voice commands. Among them are: Mush! - Let's go! Gee! - Turn right! Haw! - Turn Left! Whoa! - Stop! SUPPLIES: - Snowhoes, sleeping bag. - Eight booties per dog, plus a restraint to carry an injured or sick dog on the sled. - Two pounds of food per dog. - Three dog drop chains (for dogs left at checkpoints) - Hand ax, head lamp, matches or lighter, plus emergency - lighting equipment CHECKLIST: Gangline: heavy nylon line that harnesses the dogs' strength to the back of the sled. Tugline:

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts Zachary Taylor (1784 - 1850) served as Americas twelfth president. However, he died after only a little more than a year. This page provides a quick list of fast facts for Zachary Taylor. For more in depth information, you can also read the Zachary Taylor Biography  or the Top 10 Things to Know About Zachary Taylor.   Birth: November 24, 1784 Death: July 9, 1850 Term of Office: March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term; Zachary Taylor died after serving a   little more than a year in office. Doctors believe his death was caused by cholera morbus contracted from eating a bowl of cherries and drinking a pitcher of iced milk on a hot day. Interestingly, his body was exhumed on June 17, 1991. There was a belief by historians that he might have been poisoned due to his stance against allowing slavery to extend to the western states. However, the researchers were able to show that he had not, in fact, been poisoned. He was later reburied in his Louisville, Kentucky mausoleum.   First Lady: Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Zachary Taylor Quote: It would be judicious to act with magnanimity towards a prostrate foe.Additional Zachary Taylor Quotes Major Events While in Office: Zachary Taylor was renowned in the United States before becoming president as a war hero. He had fought in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and the Mexican-American War. In 1848, he was nominated by the Whig Party as their presidential candidate even though he was not present at the convention and had not put his name forward to run. Ironically, he was informed by letter of the nomination. However, he would not pay the postage due and did not actually find out he was the nominee until weeks later.   During his short time as president, the key event occurred was the passage of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain.The treaty dealt with the status of colonization and canals in the countries of Central America. Both countries agreed that from that date on, all canals would indeed be neutral. In addition, both countries stated that they would not colonize any part of Central America.   Related Zachary Taylor Resources: These additional resources on Zachary Taylor can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Zachary Taylor BiographyThis article takes a more in depth look at the twelfth president of the United States including his time as a war hero. You will also learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: James K PolkMillard FillmoreList of American Presidents

A study on motivational factors influencing work place behaviour of employees

This project is entitled A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with reference to â€Å"TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,†, located at Neyveli. In this company there are 145 employees including the staff members. For this study, I have chosen a sample size 30 employees through a systematic sampling. This study helps to know the factors that are influencing the motivational level of employees in the organization. This project had been undertaken by me to find out the needs and wants of the employees to motivate them. Under this Study a questionnaire that contained the questions relating to the employees expectations are given to them and their responses are recorded. The gathered data had been analyzed relating to employee motivations. CHAPTER-1 1. INTRODUCTION The project work titled as A STUDY ON MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING WORK PLACE BEHAVIOUR OF EMPLOYEES with special reference to TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, is mainly conducted to identify the factors which will motivate the employees in that organization. Management’s basic job is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational objectives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of people at work to the fullest satisfaction. Motivation implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to satisfy those needs and aspirations becomes available to the person. In addition to this, the strong needs in a direction that is satisfying to the latent needs in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee motivation is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the ‘will to work’ among the subordinates. It should also be remembered that a worker may be immensely capable of doing some work; nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Hence these studies focus on the employee motivation among the employees of Premier Buildings Materials Ltd. , The data needed for the study has been collected from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been done by using the statistical tools and data’s are presented through tables and charts. 1. 1INDUSTRY PROFILE: Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic growth and human development. There is a strong two-way relationship between economic development and energy consumption. On one hand, growth of an economy, with its global competitiveness, hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy sources, and on the other hand, the level of economic development has been observed to be reliant on the energy demand. Coal India now ranks third amongst the coal producing countries in the world. Being the most abundant fossil fuel in India till date, it continues to be one of the most important sources for meeting the domestic energy needs. It accounts for 55% of the country’s total energy supplies. Through sustained increase in investment, production of coal increased from about 70 MT (million tonnes) (MoC 2005) in early 1970s to 382 MT in 2004/05. Most of the coal production in India comes from open pit mines contributing to over 81% of the total production while underground mining accounts for rest of the national output mainly from Neyveli (MoC 2005) 1. 2COMPANY PROFILE: TAQA Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) Type state-owned Traded as ADX: TAQA Industry Energy Founded 2005 Headquarters Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Owner(s) Government of Abu Dhabi Employees 2,800 (Aug 2011) Subsidiaries TAQA North, TAQA Bratani Website www. taqa. ae The Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) (ADX: TAQA) is a government controlled energy holding company of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. TAQA is one of Abu Dhabi’s flagship companies and as such has an important role to play in helping to deliver the economic strategy of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. [citation needed] History TAQA was founded in June 2005 pursuant to the provisions of Emiri Decree in 2005 as a public joint stock company. In May 2006 TAQA appointed Mr. Peter E. Barker-Homek, an American businessman, as its first CEO. TAQA expanded quickly under the guidance of Mr. Barker-Homek, making several key acquisitions in Africa and North America In Canada, TAQA acquired Northrock Resources Ltd. (US$ 2 billion) Pioneer Natural Resources Canada Inc (US$ 540 million) and PrimeWest Energy Trust (US$ 5 billion). In 2008 TAQA acquired several North Sea assets from Shell U. K. Limited and Esso Exploration and Production (UK) Limited. The purchase included all equity, associated infrastructure and production licenses relating to the Tern, Eider, Cormorant North, South Cormorant, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields. [citation needed] In late 2009 Mr Barker-Homek relinquished his position as CEO and was replaced by Carl Sheldon. Operations TAQAs main focus of investments is the companies engaged in power generation, water desalination, and production and storage of oil and gas. In addition, it has invested in mining, metal, and services sectors. TAQA has investments in over 60 companies. Its principal wholly owned subsidiaries include Emirates Power Company, Gulf Power Company, Arabian United Power Company, Al Shuweihat Power Company, Taweelah United Power Company, Union Power Holding Company, TAQA Bratani Limited, TAQA Energy B. V. , TAQA North Ltd. and Takoradi International Company, operator of the Takoradi Power Station II. TAQA owns majority stakes in assets that provide about 85% of Abu Dhabis power generation and 90% of its water desalination capacity. In addition to the Persian Gulf region, TAQA has assets in Europe, Asia and Africa. It has interests in the Tern Alpha, Eider Alpha, Cormorant North, Cormorant Alpha, Kestrel and Pelican fields and related sub-sea satellite fields in the North Sea. On 3 August 2009, TAQA took over operatorship of the North Sea Brent Oil Pipelines System. In addition, in 2006 TAQA acquired BP Nederland Energie B. V. Through this acquisition, TAQA get onshore and off-shore production assets, including the Piek Gas Installatie facility in Alkmaar, the project of the largest offshore LNG Regas facilities utilizing the depleted field P15/P18 just off the port of Rotterdam, and partnership in the Bergermeer gas storage project. In August 2009, it bought a 15% interest in North Sea assets from the L11b Group took over the operatorship of the L11b-A production platform. Through the acquisition of CMS Generation, TAQA has assets in the UAE, Ghana, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and India. On January 3, 2013, TAQA signed an agreement with Turkey to invest about $12 billion to develop the coal fields in the Southern Turkey. This deal is considered as the second biggest Arab investment in Turkey in the energy sector. Shareholders TAQA is listed on the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. The company is 75. 1% indirectly owned by the government of Abu Dhabi. The government of Abu Dhabi through ADWEA owns 51%, ADWEA transferred 24. 1% of its shareholding to the Fund for the Support of Farm Owners in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. The balance (24. 9%) is traded publicly on the Abu Dhabi Securities Market. Finance Standard Poors has assigned A+/A-1 corporate credit ratings to TAQA. Moodys has assigned a rating of Aa3 to TAQAs long term foreign and local currency obligations. Combining world-class expertise and a dynamic and exciting portfolio of assets, TAQA has been transformed from a start-up into a truly global operator within the space of seven years. TAQA AT A GLANCE Full name Abu Dhabi National Energy Company PJSC Nature of business Oil and gas exploration and production, power generation and water desalination and Energy Solutions 2012 revenue AED 27. 8 Bn USD 7. 6 Bn 2012 profit AED 649 Mn USD 176. 7 Mn Total assets as at 31 Dec 2012 AED 122. 6 Bn USD 33. 4 Bn Number of employees 2,800 Operating in North America, Europe and Greater MENA (Middle East, North Africa and India) Founded June 2005 Listed August 2005 Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange Principal shareholders Abu Dhabi Government and Government agencies 72. 5% Public shareholders 27. 5% Power generation capacity 16,395 MW Water desalination capacity 887 MIGD Oil Gas production 135,400 boe/d * US$1. 00 (United States dollar) = AED3. 6725 (UAE dirhams) 1. 3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To study , analyze and to understand the motivational factors of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , that affects their work place behavior. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: To identify the various motivational schemes that already exists in the organization. To measure the level of motivation experienced by the employees in the organization 1. 4 NEED FOR THE STUDY: To study and know the employee motivation scenario in TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,, To know that the employees satisfaction level with the motivation factors undertaken by the company. To identify steps taken by the organization to motivates its employees. To identify the factors that influence the work place behavior of employees. 1. 5 SCOPE FOR THE STUDY: This study helps the researcher to realize the importance of effective employee motivation. This study explores the views expressed by the Respondents about the motivation and providing solutions in an attempt to develop a better system. The importance of studying employee motivation is to understand the internal satisfaction of every employee. The findings of this study help the company to fulfill the expectations of the employees. It helps to provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organizations that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs. 1. 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The limitations of the study are the following As the data was collected through questionnaire, the responds from the respondents may not be accurate. The sample taken for the study was only 30 and the results drawn may not be accurate. Another difficulty was very limited time-span of the project. Lack of experience of Researcher. CHAPTER-2: 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 THEORETICAL REVIEW Rensis Likerthas called motivation as the core of management. Motivation is the core of management. Motivation is an effective instrument in the hands of the management in inspiring the work force . It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinate or to create the will to work among the subordinates . It should also be remembered that the worker may be immensely capable of doing some work, nothing can be achieved if he is not willing to work . creation of a will to work is motivation in simple but true sense of term. Motivation is an important function which very manager performs for actuating the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they will be followed . A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. Effective motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted but also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively. In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers must determine the motives or needs of the workers and provide an environment in which appropriate incentives are available for their satisfaction . If the management is successful in doing so; it will also be successful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work. This will increase efficiency and effectiveness of the organization . There will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. 2. 1. 1 The concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which means any idea, need or emotion that prompts a man in to action. Whatever may be the behavior of man, there is some stimulus behind it . Stimulus is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. Motive can be known by studying his needs and desires. There is no universal theory that can explain the factors influencing motives which control mans behavior at any particular point of time. In general, the different motives operate at different times among different people and influence their behaviors. The process of motivation studies the motives of individuals which cause different type of behavior. 2. 1. 2 Definition of Motivation â€Å"Motivation in the real world is the art of getting the extra effort from everyone including yourself†. Management Research, October 2007, ICFAI University press. 2. 1. 3 Saul W. Gellerman According to â€Å"Saul W. Gellerman†, â€Å"Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do their work through the possibility of gain or reward†. HRM Review, July 2008, by Saul W. Gellerman . 2. 1. 4 Motivation According to Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, a motive is â€Å"something a need or desire that causes a person to act†. â€Å"Motivate, in turn, means â€Å"to provide with a motive,† and motivation is defined as â€Å"the act or process of motivating†. Consequently, motivation is the performance or procedure of presenting an intention that origin a person to capture some accomplishment (Shanks. N. H. ). According to Butkus Green, motivation is derived from the word â€Å"motivate†, means to move, push or influence to proceed for fulfilling a want Business Management and Strategy ISSN 2157-6068 2012, Vol. 3, No. 1 2. 1. 4 Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to pull weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to carry out properly the purpose of the organization. The following results may be expected if the employees are properly motivated. 1. The workforce will be better satisfied if the management provides them with opportunities to fulfill their physiological and psychological needs. The workers will cooperate voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and knowledge so that they are able to contribute to the progress of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rates of labor’s turnover and absenteeism among the workers will be low. 4. There will be good human relations in the organization as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. Accident will also be low. 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. 2. 1. 5 Motivation Process. 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. Result –Positive/Negative 5. Feed back 2. 1. 6 Theories of Motivation. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne study results (Terpstra, 1979). Six major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Mcclelland’s Achievement Need Theory, Behavior Modification theory; Abraham H Mallows need hierarchy or Deficient theory of motivation. J. S. Adam’s Equity Theory, Vrooms Expectation Theory, Two factor Theory. McClelland’s Achievement Need Theory. According to McClelland’s there are three types of needs; Need for Achievement ; This need is the strongest and lasting motivating factor. Particularly in case of persons who satisfy the other needs. They are constantly pre occupied with a desire for improvement and lack for situation in which successful outcomes are directly correlated with their efforts. They set more difficult but achievable goals for themselves because success with easily achievable goals hardly provides a sense of achievement. Need for Power It is the desire to control the behavior of the other people and to manipulate the surroundings. Power motivations positive applications results in domestic leadership style, while it negative application tends autocratic style. Need for affiliation It is the related to social needs and creates friendship. This results in formation of informal groups or social circle. Behavioral Modification Theory; According to this theory people behavior is the outcome of favorable and unfavorable past circumstances. This theory is based on learning theory. Skinner conducted his researches among rats and school children. He found that stimulus for desirable behavior could be strengthened by rewarding it at the earliest. In the industrial situation, this relevance of this theory may be found in the installation of financial and non financial incentives. More immediate is the reward and stimulation or it motivates it. Withdrawal of reward incase of low standard work may also produce the desired result. However, researches show that it is generally more effective to reward desired behavior than to punish undesired behavior. Abraham H Maslow Need Hierarchy or Deficient theory of Motivation. The intellectual basis for most of motivation thinking has been provided by behavioral scientists, A. H Maslow and Frederick Herzberg, who’s published works are the â€Å"Bible of Motivation†. Although Maslow himself did not apply his theory to industrial situation, it has wide impact for beyond academic circles. Douglous Mac Gregor has used Maslow’s theory to interpret specific problems in personnel administration and industrial relations. The crux of Maslow’s theory is that human needs are arranged in hierarchy composed of five categories. The lowest level needs are physiological and the highest levels are the self actualization needs. Maslow starts with the formation that man is a wanting animal with a hierarchy of needs of which some are lower ins scale and some are in a higher scale or system of values. As the lower needs are satisfied, higher needs emerge. Higher needs cannot be satisfied unless lower needs are fulfilled. A satisfied need is not a motivator. This resembles the standard economic theory of diminishing returns. The hierarchy of needs at work in the individual is today a routine tool of personnel trade and when these needs are active, they act as powerful conditioners of behavior- as Motivators. Hierarchy of needs; the main needs of men are five. They are physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego needs and self actualization needs, as shown in order of their importance The above five basic needs are regarded as striving needs which make a person do things. The first model indicates the ranking of different needs. The second is more helpful in indicating how the satisfaction of the higher needs is based on the satisfaction of lower needs. It also shows how the number of person who has experienced the fulfillment of the higher needs gradually tapers off. Physiological or Body Needs: The individual move up the ladder responding first to the physiological needs for nourishment, clothing and shelter. These physical needs must be equated with pay rate, pay practices and to an extent with physical condition of the job. Safety: The next in order of needs is safety needs, the need to be free from danger, either from other people or from environment. The individual want to assured, once his bodily needs are satisfied, that they are secure and will continue to be satisfied for foreseeable feature. The safety needs may take the form of job security, security against disease, misfortune, old age etc as also against industrial injury. Such needs are generally met by safety laws, measure of social security, protective labor laws and collective agreements. Social needs: Going up the scale of needs the individual feels the desire to work in a cohesive group and develop a sense of belonging and identification with a group. He feels the need to love and be loved and the need to belong and be identified with a group. In a large organization it is not easy to build up social relations. However close relationship can be built up with at least some fellow workers. Every employee wants to feel that he is wanted or accepted and that he is not an alien facing a hostile group. Ego or Esteem Needs: These needs are reflected in our desire for status and recognition, respect and prestige in the work group or work place such as is conferred by the recognition of one’s merit by promotion, by participation in management and by fulfillment of workers urge for self expression. Some of the needs relate to ones esteem e. g. ; need for achievement, self confidence, knowledge, competence etc. On the job, this means praise for a job but more important it means a feeling by employee that at all times he has the respect of his supervisor as a person and as a contributor to the organizational goals. Self realization or Actualization needs: This upper level need is one which when satisfied provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organization that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs makes the employee gives up the dependence on others or on the environment. He becomes growth oriented, self oriented, directed, detached and creative. This need reflects a state defined in terms of the extent to which an individual attains his personnel goal. This is the need which totally lies within oneself and there is no demand from any external situation or person. J. S Adams Equity Theory Employee compares her/his job inputs outcome ratio with that of reference. If the employee perceives inequity, she/he will act to correct the inequity: lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation. Vrooms Expectation Theory Vroom’s theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Reward may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Two Factor Theory Douglas McGregor introduced the theory with the help of two views; X assumptions are conservative in style Assumptions are modern in style. X Theory Individuals inherently dislike work. People must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve the objectives. People prefer to be directed Y Theory People view work as being as natural as play and rest People will exercise self direction and control towards achieving objectives they are Committed to. People learn to accept and seek responsibility Types of Motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades) Incentives An incentive is something which stimulates a person towards some goal. It activates human needs and creates the desire to work. Thus, an incentive is a means of motivation. In organizations, increase in incentive leads to better performance and vice versa. Need for Incentives Man is a wanting animal. He continues to want something or other. He is never fully satisfied. If one need is satisfied, the other need arises. In order to motivate the employees, the management should try to satisfy their needs. For this purpose, both financial and non financial incentives may be used by the management to motivate the workers. Financial incentives or motivators are those which are associated with money. They include wages and salaries, fringe benefits, bonus, retirement benefits etc. Non financial motivators are those which are not associated with monetary rewards. They include intangible incentives like ego-satisfaction, self-actualization and responsibility. INCENTIVES Financial Incentives Non-financial incentives Wages and Salaries. * Competition Bonus * Group recognition Medical reimbursement *Job security Insurance *Praise Retirement benefits *Workers participation *Suggestion systems Motivation is the key to performance improvement There is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to drink; it will drink only if its thirsty so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the workshop floor or in the ivory tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. Are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus: Job performance = f (ability) (motivation) Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation. There are broadly seven strategies for motivation. Positive reinforcement / high expectations Effective discipline and punishment Treating people fairly Satisfying employee’s needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a gap between an individual’s actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap. Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. 2. 2 RESEARCH REVIEW The research problem here in this study is associated with the motivation of employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. ,. There are a variety of factors that can influence a person’s level of motivation; some of these factors include 1. The level of pay and benefits, 2. The perceived fairness of promotion system within a company, 3. Quality of the working conditions, 4. Leadership and social relationships, 5. Employee recognition 6. Job security 7. Career development opportunities etc. Motivated employees are a great asset to any organization. It is because the motivation and Job satisfaction is clearly linked. Hence this study is focusing on the employee motivation in the organization. 2. 3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is a preliminary or tentative explanation or postulate by the researcher of what the researcher considers the outcome of an investigation will be. It is an informed/educated guess. It indicates the expectations of the researcher regarding certain variables. It is the most specific way in which an answer to a problem can be stated. Research hypotheses are the specific testable predictions made about the independent and dependent variables in the study. Hypotheses are couched in terms of the particular independent and dependent variables that are going to be used in the study. The research hypothesis of this study is as follows. HYPOTHESIS: There is significant relationship between income and motivation level of the employees CHAPTER -3 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Research is a systematic method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an Investigation, a recording and an analysis of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge. According to Clifford woody, â€Å"research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, reaching conclusions, testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis. † 3. 1 RESEARCH DESIGN: A Research design is plan that specifies the objectives of the study, method to be adopted in the collection of the data, tools in analysis of data and helpful to frame hypothesis. â€Å"A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure†. Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various project operations, thereby making the project as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal data collected. 3. 2 Sampling Design. A sample design is a finite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. Simple systematic sampling is used for this study. 3. 3 Universe. The universe chosen for the research study is the employees of TAQA NEYVELI POWER COMPANY Pvt. , Ltd. , 3. 4 Sample Size. Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the sample. Sample of 30 respondents were obtained from the population. 3. 5 Sampling Procedure. The procedure adopted in the present study is probability sampling, which is also known as chance sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. 3. 6 Methods of Data Collection. The data’s were collected through Primary and secondary sources. 3. 6. 1 Primary Sources. Primary data are in the form of â€Å"raw material† to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. The primary sources are discussion with employees, data’s collected through questionnaire. 3. 6. 2 Secondary Sources. Secondary data’s are in the form of finished products as they have already been treated statistically in some form or other. The secondary data mainly consists of data and information collected from records, company websites and also discussion with the management of the organization. Secondary data was also collected from journals, magazines and books. 3. 6. 3 Nature of Research. Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another. In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. 3. 6. 4 Questionnaire. A well defined questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. A defeated questionnaire was carefully prepared and specially numbered. The questions were arranged in proper order, in accordance with the relevance. 3. 6. 5 Nature of Questions Asked. The questionnaire consists of closed ended, dichotomous questions and open ended question. 3. 6. 6 Pre-testing A pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted with 10 questionnaires, which were distributed and all of them were collected back as completed questionnaire. On the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the questionnaire was redialed to its present form. 3. 6. 7 Sample A finite subset of population, selected from it with the objective of investigating its properties called a sample. A sample is a representative part of the population. A sample of 30 respondents in total has been randomly selected. The response to various elements under each questions were totaled for the purpose of various statistical testing. 3. 6. 8 Variables of the Study. The direct variable of the study is the employee motivation, Indirect variables are the motivational schemes, motivational level and job satisfaction and effectiveness of employees. 3. 6. 9 Presentation of Data. The data are presented through charts and tables. 3. 6. 10 Tools and Techniques for Analysis. Statistical method: Percentage method Bar chart Statistical tool used: To arrange and interpret the collected data the following statistical tool used is ANOVA. CHAPTER-4 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: 4. 1 PE

African American Stereotypes in Trading Places Assignment

African American Stereotypes in Trading Places - Assignment Example There have been several theories proposed regarding how race is represented in the media. To understand the concept fully, it is necessary to understand how media influences society, with examples from the movie Trading Places. Even in the world of strict entertainment, the media continues its long-standing tradition of reinforcing middle-class society’s concepts of the world. â€Å"Above all, the media are defensive about the sacred institutions of society – whereas black people most encounter problems in this sensitive power-areas: employment, public discrimination, housing, parliamentary legislation, local government, law and order, the police† (Hall, 1974). In order to appeal to the middle class, many of the films that come out of Hollywood tend to reflect the hopes and dreams of this class of society. This typically involves the concept that the lifestyle of the very wealthy is the only lifestyle worth having. It also reinforces the thought that it is only through hard work and struggles that one can appreciate this good life. The black man, and occasionally a woman, is allowed to enter this world only at the invitation and assistance of a white man while the typical portrayal con tinues to hold him down at the lower rungs of society. This type of portrayal reinforces the concept that black men are not capable of success and white men are not very capable of failure. As Hall (1974) makes obvious, even comedies that are merely supposed to entertain, such as Trading Places, can contain several unremarkable messages that serve to maintain and promote the existing power relations within society, representing the black man as a necessary failure. Within the movie Trading Places, these ideas can easily be traced.

Literature Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature Review - Research Paper Example This article lays emphasis on the effects of drug and substance abuse on children, and tells that children may emerge as users. In today’s society, drug use and its impacts have heightened. This norm has been experienced across variable age forms with children gaining increased participation in this exercise. There has been a call to find out the cause of the drug abuse problem among individuals with emphasis placed on the outcome of indulging in the heinous act. Barrett and Veerman stated that children have joined the number of drug users and are affected directly or sometimes may be a third party in the substance abuse act. There is the need to protect children from the substance abuse problem because they constitute the population who constitute the future society. There have been numerous investigations into the cause of mental disorders. Substance disorder has been frontal to causing these complications with a 3.8-11.3%. Via the national surveys, countries have been able to articulate the main cause of mental behaviour. Up to an average of 4 % of the users have the problem to encourage the drug dependency, living with a motive to kill the craving by practising the substance abuse. The society dictates the morals of the members and with the measures it undertakes to curb the spread of drug addiction there will be a similar realization of the impacts of the measure. The paper researches on the link between drug abuse and criminal behaviour. There are several crimes in the society that have been caused by substance abuse and an example is in prostitution. The government policy has been identified as a form of regulation for these drug related crimes. These drugs have the tendency to create a vice within an individual to involve in harmful measures that corrupt societal event. There is a direct link between crime and drugs within the society and regulations to curb drug indulgence would help protect the innocent members. Drug use is often

Lears Character Development in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King

Lear's Character Development in Shakespeare's King Lear Though King Lear, of Shakespeare's play, King Lear, wrongs both Cordelia and Kent in his harsh treatment against them, the unjust actions of Regan and Goneril against King Lear cause him to be "a man more sinned against than sinning" (3.2.60-61). In order to relieve himself of the problems and work associated with holding his position so he can "unburdened crawl toward death," King Lear, of pre-Christ Britain, divides up his kingdom into three portions, one for each of his daughters (1.1.41). To decide the daughter to whom he should give the largest portion of the kingdom, King Lear holds a competition that merely serves to feed his ego. He requires each daughter to publicly profess her love for him and promises the largest portion of land to the one who loves him the greatest. Both Regan and Goneril flatter King Lear, telling him what he wants to hear. On the other hand, Cordelia responds honestly, first expressing that she can say "nothing" in response to the question (1.1.92). When Lear presses her further, she explains, "You have begot me, bred me, loved me;" and vows to "return those duties back as are right fit" but that someday she will get married and will not possess the ability to give her father all her love (1.1.1 02-103). King Lear makes his first error here; he bases his decision on the superficial aspect of his daughters' words. He favors Regan and Goneril because their words sound nice to the ear. In actuality, though, their statements have no true feeling behind them. On the other hand, too caught up in his own pride and ego, King Lear perceives Cordelia's honest words as "pride, which she calls plainness" (1.1.137). Because Cordelia does not give... ...osing a loved one in the September 11 attacks, while King Lear does die of anguish over his daughter's death. Since the concept of fate – the belief that all actions are planned out, and regardless of what people do, no one can change the outcome – frequently prevails in literature, one could also attribute King Lear's death to his acknowledgement of fate. King Lear comes to the realization that no matter how hard he tries to do good, his actions have no bearing on what happens. Therefore, he no longer has a reason to live. Though King Lear is by no means completely innocent and free of blame – his actions prompt some sort of punishment – his two daughters wrong him more than he wrongs the other characters of the play. Through this injustice, though, King Lear learns a lesson and transforms into a better person, even though he dies at the conclusion of the play.

Hsm Law Profile Paper

It is important for all health care recipients and health care providers to read information regarding HIPAA that way everyone will be informed of what rights are privacy they are entitled to and the workers are aware of what information needs to remain confidential. People can receive handouts regarding information about HIPAA, as well as the Internet. There are hundreds of online websites that people can go to in order to receive more information on how HIPAA works and what is required to ensure everyone follows the laws that go along with HIPAA.Breaking the law can have some major consequences so it is important to understand HIPAA and what privacy laws are enforced to protect a patient’s information. The information that is provided informs health care workers and organizations what rights a patient has and the consequences of breaking the rules, whether intentional or accidental. HIPAA affects the day-to-day operations within human service organizations. The reason it aff ects the human service organizations is because HIPAA has to be followed on a day-to-day basis.Every day an employee goes into work, they are to honor HIPAA and their clients by not reveling any personal patient information and to keep all information confidential. Once becoming employed, a person is informed of HIPAA and what the rules and regulations are according to HIPAA standards. HIPAA regulations state that they are to protect privacy so every worker knows not to reveal anything personal, even to family or friends. When a client comes to them in need, they must be there for the client and they client needs to know that they can trust the workers.If a person goes to a mental health clinic, they will want to know their personal issues will be kept in that room and it will go no further. An employee needs to go into work with a positive attitude of how they should helps those in need of their services, instead of invading their privacy and confidentiality; whether they intention ally do it for specific reasons or if they are just asking a fellow employee for help where others are able to hear the information as well. While many people supported HIPAA, there were some people and organizations that did not support HIPAA.In the beginning, the health care industry was against HIPAA and did not approve of the rules set by HIPAA. â€Å"Health care providers, health care organizations, and, to some extent, health plans thought of the proposed HIPAA rules as just another federal mandate that would cost the industry billions of dollars to implement and monitor† (Bowers, n. d. ). The health care industry is still having issues with HIPAA rules and regulations but more organizations are coming to terms with HIPAA and focusing on the positive aspects that HIPAA provides instead of focusing on negative issues.Even though it can be hard for some organizations to understand HIPAA, they are researching it and coming to terms on how to handle HIPAA in order to better serve their patients. There will be ramifications to clients and the organization if the law is not followed. If an employee allowed personal and private information to be released to other people regarding a client, then the client could feel betrayed and hurt. The client could, in turn, sue the company where the employee worked for personal damages in regards to their privacy being invaded. Both the client and employee would suffer from the law being broken.It is important to always follow the rules because the consequences could be severe. The client could be humiliated if the worker breaks the rules and releases private information and not trust the organization anymore. The organization could begin to get a bad reputation and there could be fewer people that go to the organization for help. The organization could suffer and be put out of business, all because of an employee who broke the law. The rightful thing to do to the employee would be for the employee to receive a stron g warning or, depending on how severe the law was broken, a leave of absence or termination from the job.I think that HIPAA has wonderful privacy laws that need to be used in human service organizations. In the technological world, it can be difficult for personal information to remain private, so it is great that HIPAA was established. HIPAA serves a great purpose, being that it protects a patient’s privacy. There are great resources that everyone could use to find out more information about HIPAA and what laws it provides, including the Internet. It is important that health care recipients and health care workers learn the rules and regulations of HIPAA because the laws will be enforced on a day-to-day basis and must be followed at all times.Even though some organizations were against HIPAA, it is important to enforce the rules of HIPAA for the best interest of the patient and their privacy rights. It is important to enforce strict punishment for those who break the rules o f HIPAA because it could cause humiliation if the patient’s private information was released to other people who did not need to know about it. I think it is great that HIPAA was established because there needs to be strict privacy rules for patients because too often, there is confidential information released to people who do not need to know the information.Reference Page Bowers, D, (N. D. ). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act: is it really all that bad? Retrieved from http://www. baylorhealth. edu/proceedings/14_4/14_4_bowers. pdf Highmark, Inc. , (2010). What is HIPPA? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa Highmark, Inc. , (2010). Whom does HIIPPA affect? Retrieved from https://www. highmark. com/hmk2/about/hipaa/hipaaMain. shtml#whatishipaa

Numerous Accomplishments of Johann Heinrich Lambert

Johann Heinrich Lambert was born 26 August 1728 in Mulhouse, present day Alsace, France. His father was a tailor named Lukas Lambert, whose father was also a tailor. The family was not well off and at the age of twelve young Johann Lambert he had to begin working for his father which forced him to leave school. As he continued to work for his father he did not forgo his studies. He filled his time in which he was not helping his father with reading and learning scientific subjects on his own. He had a desire to learn and expand his knowledge that drove him to study. Even without a formal education or teachers to lead him he learned on his own beginning at a young age. At the age of fifteen he began work as a clerk to support his family and†¦show more content†¦In color theory Tobias Mayer was a big influence on Lambert. Tobias Mayer’s color triangle was first published in 1775. The physicist Georg Christoph Lichtenberg published the color triangle in an edition called â€Å"Opera Inedita†. This was a suggestion of Johann Heinrich Lambert, who had u sed the Mayer triangle three years previously. A colortriangle operates with the three basiccolors cinnibar, massicot and azurite and gives all mixtures in which at least one twelfth of another color is added to a basecolor. Black and white are treated as the representatives of light and darkness, which in turn either lighten or darken the colors. In 1758 more than half a century after Newton’s Optics had appeared the German mathematician and astronomer Tobias Mayer (17231762) gave a lecture to the Gottingen Academy of Science entitled â€Å"De affinitive colorum commendation† (historical system), in which he tried to identify the exact number of colors, which the eye is capable of perceiving. He chose red, yellow and blue as his basic colors, and vermillion, mascot and azurite as their representatives amongst the pigments. Black and white was considered to be the agents of light and darkness, which either lighten or darken the colors. Lambert was an expert in science and math. He was not very interested in the arts until he was trying to explain light in space. Lambert attempted to explain the structure of the universe in his writings. About the time he was writing about his theories,